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<title>Spatiotemporal pattern</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Spatiotemporal pattern</span></span>

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<p><b>Spatiotemporal patterns</b> are <a href="Pattern" title="Pattern">patterns</a> that occur in a wide range of <a href="Patterns_in_nature" title="Patterns in nature">natural phenoma</a> and are characterized by a spatial and temporal patterning. The general rules of <a href="Pattern_formation" title="Pattern formation">pattern formation</a> hold. In contrast to "static", pure spatial patterns, the full complexity of spatiotemporal patterns can only be <a href="Pattern_recognition" title="Pattern recognition">recognized</a> over time. Any kind of <a href="Traveling_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Traveling wave">traveling wave</a> is a good example of a spatiotemporal pattern. Besides the shape and <a href="Amplitude" title="Amplitude">amplitude</a> of the wave (spatial part), its <a href="Motion_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion (physics)">time-varying position</a> (and possibly shape) in space is an essential part of the entire pattern.

</p><p>The distinction between spatial and spatio-temporal patterns in <a href="Nature" title="Nature">nature</a> is not clear-cut because a static, invariable pattern will never occur in the strict sense. Even <a href="Rock_formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock formation">rock formations</a> will slowly change on a time-scale of tens of millions of years, therefore the distinction lies in the <a href="Orders_of_magnitude_(time)" title="Orders of magnitude (time)">time scale</a> of change in relation to human <a href="Experience" title="Experience">experience</a>. Already the snapshot state of a <a href="Dune" title="Dune">dune</a> will usually be taken as an example of a purely spatial pattern although this is clearly not the case. It is thus apt to say that spatiotemporal patterns in nature are the rule rather than the exception.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physics">Physics</h2></div>

<p>Many <a href="Hydrodynamical" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrodynamical">hydrodynamical</a> systems show s.t. pattern formation:

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<ul><li><a href="Rayleigh%E2%80%93B%C3%A9nard_convection" title="Rayleigh–Bénard convection">Rayleigh–Bénard convection</a></li>

<li><a href="Taylor%E2%80%93Couette_flow" title="Taylor–Couette flow">Taylor–Couette flow</a></li>

<li><a href="Liquid_crystal" title="Liquid crystal">Liquid crystal</a> instabilities</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h2></div>

<p>Any type of <a href="Reaction%E2%80%93diffusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaction–diffusion">reaction–diffusion</a> system that produces spatial patterns will also, due to the time-dependency of both reactions and diffusion, produce spatiotemporal patterns.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biology">Biology</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neurobiology">Neurobiology</h3></div>

<p>Neural networks, both <a href="Artificial_neural_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial neural network">artificial</a> and <a href="Biological_neural_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological neural network">natural</a>, produce a virtually unbounded variety of s.t. patterns, both in <a href="Sensory_perception" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory perception">sensory perception</a>, learning, thinking and reasoning as well as in <a href="Spontaneous_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Spontaneous activity">spontaneous activity</a>. It has for example been demonstrated that <a href="Spiral_wave" title="Spiral wave">spiral waves</a>, signatures of many <a href="Excitable_medium" title="Excitable medium">excitable systems</a> can occur in <a href="Neocortex" title="Neocortex">neocortical</a> preparations.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Neural_coding" title="Neural coding">Neural coding</a>, <a href="Electroencephalogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroencephalogram">Electroencephalogram</a>, <a href="Magnetoencephalogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetoencephalogram">Magnetoencephalogram</a>, <a href="Synfire_chain" title="Synfire chain">Synfire chain</a>, <a href="Self-organizing_map" title="Self-organizing map">Self-organizing map</a>, <a href="Central_pattern_generator" title="Central pattern generator">Central pattern generator</a>, and <a href="Neural_oscillation" title="Neural oscillation">Neural oscillation</a></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communication">Communication</h3></div>

<p>All <a href="Communication" title="Communication">communication</a>, <a href="Language" title="Language">language</a>, relies on spatiotemporal <a href="Encoding" class="mw-redirect" title="Encoding">encoding</a> of information, producing and <a href="Information_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Information transmission">transmitting</a> <a href="Sound" title="Sound">sound</a> variations or any type of <a href="Signal_(electrical_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal (electrical engineering)">signal</a> i.e. single building blocks of information that are varied over time. -Even though <a href="Written_language" title="Written language">written language</a> appears to exist only as a (2D) spatial <a href="Concatenation" title="Concatenation">concatenation</a> of letters - <a href="String_(computer_science)" title="String (computer science)">strings</a>, it must be decoded sequentially over time. Any kind of language that is understood by organisms is thus eventually a transcoding of neural s.t. signals and will - in successful communication - evoke similar patterns of neural activity in the recipient as they existed in the sender. For example, the <a href="Warning_call" class="mw-redirect" title="Warning call">warning call</a> of a bird when it perceives a predator will produce a similar type and degree of alarmedness (eventually a certain kind of neural activity pattern) in other individuals even though they have not yet seen or heard the potential attacker.

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<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Mirror_neuron" title="Mirror neuron">mirror neuron</a></div>

<p>Even <a href="Artificial_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial languages">artificial languages</a>, e.g. <a href="Computer_language" title="Computer language">computer languages</a>, are not read and <a href="Interpreter" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpreter">interpreted</a> in one step, but sequentially, thus, their meaningfully arranged vocabulary (e.g. "<a href="Source_code" title="Source code">computer code</a>") can be seen as a s.t. pattern.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetics">Genetics</h3></div>

<p>As a particular type of language, the "static" (neglecting random <a href="Transcription_error" title="Transcription error">transcription errors</a>, <a href="Genetic_recombination" title="Genetic recombination">recombination</a> and <a href="Mutation" title="Mutation">mutation</a>) <a href="DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> and its <a href="Transcription_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcription (genetics)">transcription</a> pattern over time yields biologically essential s.t. patterns. <a href="Gene_regulatory_network" title="Gene regulatory network">Gene regulatory networks</a> are responsible for regulation the time course of <a href="Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">gene expression</a> level which can be analyzed using <a href="Expression_profiling" class="mw-redirect" title="Expression profiling">expression profiling</a>.

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<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Spatiotemporal_gene_expression" title="Spatiotemporal gene expression">Spatiotemporal gene expression</a></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crime">Crime</h3></div>

<p>Criminals show spatiotemporal patterns when planning and executing their activities that may be used to <a href="Crime_prediction" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime prediction">predict their future behaviour</a>. Temporal patterns may apply to preferred times when crimes are committed. Spatial patterns can be identified in potential targets and routes for criminal activities.

</p><p>Spatial patterns may be used to identify the most likely locations for crimes to occur, or to identify potential escape routes. In addition, criminals often use temporal and spatial patterns to hide their activities, such as by committing crimes in areas with low population density or in areas with limited surveillance. By understanding spatiotemporal patterns in relation to crime, <a href="Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">law enforcement</a> and <a href="Crime_prevention" title="Crime prevention">crime prevention</a> professionals can develop strategies to better prevent and respond to criminal activities. For example, law enforcement can use spatiotemporal patterns to identify crime hot spots and to determine the most effective strategies for responding to these areas. In addition, law enforcement and crime prevention professionals can use spatiotemporal patterns to identify and monitor potential suspects or areas of criminal activity. <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Walgraef2012" class="citation book cs1">Daniel Walgraef (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XtBwAAQBAJ&q=spatio+temporal+pattern&pg=PR5"><i>Spatio-Temporal Pattern Formation: With Examples from Physics, Chemistry, and Materials Science</i></a>. Springer. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781461218500</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFXiaoying_HuangWilliam_C._TroyQian_YangHongtao_Ma2004" class="citation journal cs1">Xiaoying Huang; William C. Troy; Qian Yang; Hongtao Ma; Carlo R. Laing; Steven J. Schiff & Jian-Young Wu (November 3, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4413915">"Spiral Waves in Disinhibited Mammalian Neocortex"</a>. <i>J. Neurosci</i>. <b>24</b> (44): <span class="nowrap">9897–</span>9902. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.2705-04.2004">10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2705-04.2004</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4413915">4413915</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15525774">15525774</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.five23.io/blog/spatial-temporal_data_for_crime_analysis/">"Crime Analysis Using Spatial Temporal Data | Five23"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-26</span></span>.</cite></span>

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